B.7, B.8
In this section, I will talk about the Evolutionary Theory. The evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. Scientists all around the word have one language that they understand and are able to communicate through. It's called
Fossil Records: Fossils are imprints or remains of an organism that died many years ago and was buried into the earth and covered by layers of sediment and rock. Fossil records are the collective accumulation of fossilized artifacts from all over the world. Fossil records help sustain the evidence of evolution, because it shows time and animals. Scientists have learned which animal came first and the ones that followed it according to fossils. The bottom- most layer is the oldest and the top layers are the youngest. An example of fossil records showing evidence of evolution are horses.
In fossil records, it is easy to identify sudden apparitions of new species or the change over time of a species of animals. For example, in one layer, remains of "unique" animals might be found, which were not found in other different layers before/ under it. Another scenario that could be
Bio-geography: Bio-geography is the study that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals. This type of evidence of evolution has help to compare species that live in different regions of the world. Many exploration has led to the conclusion that organisms migrate from a place of origin and evolve to new species. An example of this is Darwin's finches. He found out that one species of birds migrated to different islands in the Galapagos, those species then evolved to new species and having different characteristics, like the beak, from the starting population.Homologies: Similarities in structures or development of different species of organisms that are based on common evolutionary ancestry. Examples are an arm of a human, the wing of a bird or a bat, the leg of a dog and the flipper of a dolphin or a whale.
Natural Selection:
Process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Idea first brought up by Charles Darwin. Those individual organisms who happen to be best suited to an environment survive and reproduce most successfully, producing many similarly well-adapted descendants. So, the new population begins to change therefor creating new better developed species or organisms.
Inherited Variation- The genetic variation of obtaining the different genes from both parents and genetic variation refers to diversity in gene frequencies.
Evolutionary Mechanism:
In this section, I will talk about the Evolutionary Theory. The evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. Scientists all around the word have one language that they understand and are able to communicate through. It's called
Fossil Records: Fossils are imprints or remains of an organism that died many years ago and was buried into the earth and covered by layers of sediment and rock. Fossil records are the collective accumulation of fossilized artifacts from all over the world. Fossil records help sustain the evidence of evolution, because it shows time and animals. Scientists have learned which animal came first and the ones that followed it according to fossils. The bottom- most layer is the oldest and the top layers are the youngest. An example of fossil records showing evidence of evolution are horses.
In fossil records, it is easy to identify sudden apparitions of new species or the change over time of a species of animals. For example, in one layer, remains of "unique" animals might be found, which were not found in other different layers before/ under it. Another scenario that could be
Bio-geography: Bio-geography is the study that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals. This type of evidence of evolution has help to compare species that live in different regions of the world. Many exploration has led to the conclusion that organisms migrate from a place of origin and evolve to new species. An example of this is Darwin's finches. He found out that one species of birds migrated to different islands in the Galapagos, those species then evolved to new species and having different characteristics, like the beak, from the starting population.Homologies: Similarities in structures or development of different species of organisms that are based on common evolutionary ancestry. Examples are an arm of a human, the wing of a bird or a bat, the leg of a dog and the flipper of a dolphin or a whale.
- Anatomical: Morphological or physiological similarities between different species of organisms Ex. Forelimbs of a human, whale, and bat
- Molecular: examine the evolutionary processes driving evolution at a molecular level (DNA and genetic information) Ex. Roundworms share 25% of their genes with humans
- Developmental: Or embryology compares the embryo of animals. Ex. Vertebrate embryos in early development are very similar
Natural Selection:
Process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Idea first brought up by Charles Darwin. Those individual organisms who happen to be best suited to an environment survive and reproduce most successfully, producing many similarly well-adapted descendants. So, the new population begins to change therefor creating new better developed species or organisms.
Inherited Variation- The genetic variation of obtaining the different genes from both parents and genetic variation refers to diversity in gene frequencies.
Evolutionary Mechanism:
- Genetic Drift- Variation in frequency of different genotypes in a small population
- Gene Flow- Movement of alleles or genes from one population to another.
- Mutation- when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene.
- Recombination- process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles.
Taxonomy:science of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups
Taxonomy helps scientists all around the world to have a unique language they can all understand. They won't all understand what a gray wolf is but they will understand, what a Canis lupus is, which is the scientific name of it.
Scientists have a way of organizing organisms based on their physical and molecular characteristics.
Below they are classified from most general to least general.
And this is a way to help you memorize these terms of classification
Taxonomy helps scientists all around the world to have a unique language they can all understand. They won't all understand what a gray wolf is but they will understand, what a Canis lupus is, which is the scientific name of it.
Scientists have a way of organizing organisms based on their physical and molecular characteristics.
Below they are classified from most general to least general.
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
And this is a way to help you memorize these terms of classification
- King
- Phillip
- Came
- Over
- For
- Good
- Spaghetti
Review Questions
1. The finches on the Galapagos island were similar in form except for variations of their beaks. Darwin observed that these variations were useful for:
attracting a mate
defending territory
building nests
gathering food
2. The chemical structure of chimpanzee hemoglobin strongly resembles the chemical structure of human hemoglobin. What type of evidence for evolution does this illustrate?
a. selective breeding
b. comparative biochemistry
c. comparative anatomy
d. comparative embryology
3. What is the entire collection of genes among a population?
a. natural selection
b. genetic variation
c. gene pool
d. selective breeding
4. Bones, molds, casts, or other traces of organisms that lived long ago are _________ .
a. fossils
b. vestigial organs
c. rocks
d. trace minerals
5. A body part found in different organisms that is different in detail, but similar in general structure and organization (like the forelimbs of mammals) is called a
Homologous structure
6. The process by which organisms with traits well suited to an environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than organisms less suited for that environment is called ____________________.
Natural Selection
7. A change in species over time is called______
Evolution
8. Homologous structures are similar, because they originated in a shared _____
Ancestor
9. The approach to evolution that involves the study of similar structures that appear during the development of different organisms is known as the study of _____.
biogeography
comparative embryology
cladistics
molecular biology
comparative anatomy
10. Evidence from molecular biology supports the theory of evolution by showing that _____.
homologous proteins have arisen separately in many different animal groups
closely related animal species have similar geographic distributions
none of the above
closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins
closely related organisms have similar stages of development
11. Members of the same population _____.
share a common gene pool
cannot interbreed under natural conditions
none of the above
are in reproductive isolation from one another
share the same genotype
12. How is artificial selection dependent on variation in nature?
In natural selection the being selected- and therefore increasing over time- contribute to an organism's fitness in its environment
13.Wo observed variations in the characteristics of animals and plants on the different islands of the Galapagos?
Charles Darwin
14.Differences among individuals of a species are reffered to as
Natural Variation
15. An inherited characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is called an
Adaptation
16. Struc tures that have different matured forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue are
Homologous Structures
17. How does natural variation affect evolution?
Natural variation helps organisms survive
18. The example of the peppered moths living near English industrial cities demonstrates that:
a) a change in an environment can result in the evolution of species living there
b) evolution occurs so slowly that it is not possible to determine that it has happened in less than a million years
c) the environment near these cities has always favored dark colored moths
19. In my cheat about classification of organisms, what does Spaghetti stand for?
Species
20. The random loss of alleles in a population is called
A) mutation
B) selection
C) genetic drift
D) electrophoresis
E) gene flow
1. The finches on the Galapagos island were similar in form except for variations of their beaks. Darwin observed that these variations were useful for:
attracting a mate
defending territory
building nests
gathering food
2. The chemical structure of chimpanzee hemoglobin strongly resembles the chemical structure of human hemoglobin. What type of evidence for evolution does this illustrate?
a. selective breeding
b. comparative biochemistry
c. comparative anatomy
d. comparative embryology
3. What is the entire collection of genes among a population?
a. natural selection
b. genetic variation
c. gene pool
d. selective breeding
4. Bones, molds, casts, or other traces of organisms that lived long ago are _________ .
a. fossils
b. vestigial organs
c. rocks
d. trace minerals
5. A body part found in different organisms that is different in detail, but similar in general structure and organization (like the forelimbs of mammals) is called a
Homologous structure
6. The process by which organisms with traits well suited to an environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than organisms less suited for that environment is called ____________________.
Natural Selection
7. A change in species over time is called______
Evolution
8. Homologous structures are similar, because they originated in a shared _____
Ancestor
9. The approach to evolution that involves the study of similar structures that appear during the development of different organisms is known as the study of _____.
biogeography
comparative embryology
cladistics
molecular biology
comparative anatomy
10. Evidence from molecular biology supports the theory of evolution by showing that _____.
homologous proteins have arisen separately in many different animal groups
closely related animal species have similar geographic distributions
none of the above
closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins
closely related organisms have similar stages of development
11. Members of the same population _____.
share a common gene pool
cannot interbreed under natural conditions
none of the above
are in reproductive isolation from one another
share the same genotype
12. How is artificial selection dependent on variation in nature?
In natural selection the being selected- and therefore increasing over time- contribute to an organism's fitness in its environment
13.Wo observed variations in the characteristics of animals and plants on the different islands of the Galapagos?
Charles Darwin
14.Differences among individuals of a species are reffered to as
Natural Variation
15. An inherited characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is called an
Adaptation
16. Struc tures that have different matured forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue are
Homologous Structures
17. How does natural variation affect evolution?
Natural variation helps organisms survive
18. The example of the peppered moths living near English industrial cities demonstrates that:
a) a change in an environment can result in the evolution of species living there
b) evolution occurs so slowly that it is not possible to determine that it has happened in less than a million years
c) the environment near these cities has always favored dark colored moths
19. In my cheat about classification of organisms, what does Spaghetti stand for?
Species
20. The random loss of alleles in a population is called
A) mutation
B) selection
C) genetic drift
D) electrophoresis
E) gene flow