TEKS: B.7, B.8,
How were humans made? Who did humans come from? Where did humans come from? To answer all this questions we need to learn more about evolution. Evolution not only affects humans, but it also affects animals, plants and all other type of life in this world, too. Evolution is defined as A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form.
These are the 5 main evidences of evolution:
How were humans made? Who did humans come from? Where did humans come from? To answer all this questions we need to learn more about evolution. Evolution not only affects humans, but it also affects animals, plants and all other type of life in this world, too. Evolution is defined as A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form.
These are the 5 main evidences of evolution:
- Fossil Records
- Biogeography
- Comparative Anatomy
- Embryological development
- DNA and protein comparisons/ Genetic Commonalities
- Divergent Evolution
- Convergent Evolution
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/9/9/26991256/6837871.jpg)
Fossil Records: Fossils are imprints or remains of an organism that died many years ago and was buried into the earth and covered by layers of sediment and rock. Fossil records are the collective accumulation of fossilized artifacts from all over the world. Fossil records help sustain the evidence of evolution, because it shows time and animals. Scientists have learned which animal came first and the ones that followed it according to fossils. The bottom- most layer is the oldest and the top layers are the youngest. An example of fossil records showing evidence of evolution are horses. As you can see in image 5, the bones shown are the fossils that were found in different layers of the earth. With the location of pieces in different layers scientists were able to look at the horse's evolution.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/9/9/26991256/1567552.gif?288)
Bio-geography: Bio-geography is the study that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals. This type of evidence of evolution has help to compare species that live in different regions of the world. Many exploration has led to the conclusion that organisms migrate from a place of origin and evolve to new species. An example of this is Darwin's finches. He found out that one species of birds migrated to different islands in the Galapagos, those species then evolved to new species and having different characteristics, like the beak, from the starting population. On figure 6, the different types of beaks that evolved from one are shown.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/9/9/26991256/2264357.jpg?287)
Comparative Anatomy: It has three components homologous, analogous, and vestigial. Homologous structures have same structure, but different functions. Homologous structures show that same body parts due to DNA from a common ancestor, have been modified for different functions in different environments. Some examples are a human's arm, a bat's wing, a cat's leg and the whale's flipper. Analogous structures have same functions, but different structures. Analogous structures show how different animals can adapt to the environment in a similar way. Some examples are birds' wings, bat's wings and bees wing. Vestigial structures are those that have no function, but have function in other organisms. Vestigial structures tell us that structures may not serve a purpose now but did in the ancestors. And ancestral DNA still codes for those parts. Some examples are whale leg bones, salamander, and snake pelvis.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/9/9/26991256/2520659.jpg)
Embryo Development: Compares early development to show similarities with other organisms. They tell us that similar genes from a common ancestor control development. And as development happens different genes are shown, which is what makes different organisms after embryo development. Embryo development can be shown by a fish, salamander, turtle, bird, and pig.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/9/9/26991256/9567485.jpg?284)
DNA and Genetic Comparisons: Keep in mind that all living things have the same basic biochemical molecules (DNA, ATP, enzymes, and same amino acids that make proteins). This evidence tells us that differences and similarities in DNA or specific proteins show relatedness.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/9/9/26991256/1281836.jpg?283)
Divergent Evolution: Happens when development starts in one place and splits into different directions.
![Picture](/uploads/2/6/9/9/26991256/2930423.jpg?525)
Convergent Evolution: Happens when two different species develop similar traits
Practice Questions
1. The fossil record shows that:
a) most species have not evolved
b) some species are evolutionary transitions between major groups of organisms
c) all species are today just as they were when they were created
2. A structure that seems to serve no purpose in an organism is called:
A. homologous
B. vestigial
C. dichotomous
D. fossilized
3. The strongest evidence for change over a long period of time comes from:
A. DNA
B. fossils
C. embryo studies
D. direct observation of living species
4. The finches on the Galapagos island were similar in form except for variations of their beaks. Darwin observed that these variations were useful for:
A. attracting a mate
B. defending territory
C. building nests
D. gathering food
5. ______ _________ compares early development to show similarities with other organisms
Embryo Development
6. Darwin's finches are examples of ___-_________.
Bio- Geography
7. Bones, molds, casts, or other traces of organisms that lived long ago are _________ .
a. vestigial organs
b. trace minerals
c. fossils
d. rocks
8. The DNA of a chimpanzee and a human is relatively close in comparison, this is an example of _________DNA and Genetic Comparisons
9. Whales have no hind legs, yet they have several tiny leg bones embedded in their body without any apparent function. What is the appropriate term for such a structure?
a) anatomical relics
b) homologous structures
c) analogous structures
d) pleitropic structures
e) vestigial structures
10. What is the definition of Analogous Structures?
Analogous structures are body part in different species that is similar in function but not in structure that evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.
11. What is the definition of biological evolution?
A. change in the frequency of an inherited character
B. change in the frequency of an adapted character
C. change in the frequency of a carried down character
12. How do we measure variation in a population?
A. the number of alleles present
B. the number of phenotypes
C. the number of individuals
13. What are three factors that reduce genetic variation?
A. founder's effects
B. bottleneck effects
C. genetic drift
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
14. Define migration.
A. the movement of individuals from one population to another with mating
B. the seasonal movements of populations from one geographic area to another
C. the movement of individuals from one population to another without mating
15. Adaptation is:
a characteristic that is or has been under the influence of natural selection
16. Which type of selection can lead to variation?
A. directional
B. disruptive
C. normal
17. Most of Darwin's observations about changes in species over time and in different environments took place in and near
A. North America.
B. Africa.
C. South America.
D. Asia.
E. Australia
18. Darwin's observation that there were Patagonian hares but no rabbits in South America was most closely related to his consideration of
A. comparative anatomy.
B. biogeography.
C. the fossil record.
D. comparative embryology.
E. comparative biochemistry.
19. Incorrect Incorrect Lamarck's theory of evolution included the idea that
A. there is a natural force in all living things that pushes them toward perfection.
B. local catastrophes cause mass extinctions of species.
C. species are only produced through special creation.
D. species are fixed and unchanging over time
20. Darwin's theory of natural selection to explain evolution is also known as
A. descent with modification.
B. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
C. uniformitarianism.
D. catastrophism.
21. Evolution can be described as the change of species over time.
True
False
22. Organisms that make their own food with sunlight or chemical energy are called
A. producers
B. consumers
C. decomposers
D. scavengers
23. Two main sources of genetic variation are
A. immigration and allele frequencies
B. genetic shuffling and immigration
C. mutations and immigration
D. mutations and genetic shuffling
24. Which scientific theory did Charles Darwin shape?
A. circumnavigation
B. cell theory
C. theory of evolution
D. climate change theory
25. If the sequence of nucleotides on the original strand was A-G-G-C-T-A, what would be the nucleotide sequence on the complementary strand of DNA?
A. G-C-C-G-A-T
B. T-C-C-G-A-T
C. U-A-A-T-T-U
D. U-C-G-C-T-U
26. What kind of hypothesis did Darwin propose?
A. Numerous information
B. Revolutionary
C. Changes over time
D. huge body evidences
27. Name three other scientists who built parts of the theory beside Darwin?
A. Charles Lyell, Alfred wallace, and Gregor Mendel.
B. Alfred wallace, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and James Hutton.
C. Alfred Wallace, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and James Newton.
D. Thomas Malthus, Melvin Calvin, and Charles Lyell.
28. Any inherited characteristics that increases an Organisms chance of survival.
A. Survival of the fittest
B. Fittest
C. Adaptation
D. None of the above
29.
Which of the following is a component of Darwin's original theory of evolution? (level [Hint]
A. The only traits that are inherited are those that can be acquired during one's lifetime.
B. Organisms whose traits fit their environments will be the best reproducers.
C. Organisms with more similar DNA are more closely related.
D. The only traits that are inherited are those encoded by genes.
30. Of the following structures, which is homologous to that of the wing of a bat? (level 2). [Hint]
A. the dorsal (top) fin of a shark
B. the wing of a butterfly
C. the hind leg of a kangaroo
D. the forearm of a lizard
1. The fossil record shows that:
a) most species have not evolved
b) some species are evolutionary transitions between major groups of organisms
c) all species are today just as they were when they were created
2. A structure that seems to serve no purpose in an organism is called:
A. homologous
B. vestigial
C. dichotomous
D. fossilized
3. The strongest evidence for change over a long period of time comes from:
A. DNA
B. fossils
C. embryo studies
D. direct observation of living species
4. The finches on the Galapagos island were similar in form except for variations of their beaks. Darwin observed that these variations were useful for:
A. attracting a mate
B. defending territory
C. building nests
D. gathering food
5. ______ _________ compares early development to show similarities with other organisms
Embryo Development
6. Darwin's finches are examples of ___-_________.
Bio- Geography
7. Bones, molds, casts, or other traces of organisms that lived long ago are _________ .
a. vestigial organs
b. trace minerals
c. fossils
d. rocks
8. The DNA of a chimpanzee and a human is relatively close in comparison, this is an example of _________DNA and Genetic Comparisons
9. Whales have no hind legs, yet they have several tiny leg bones embedded in their body without any apparent function. What is the appropriate term for such a structure?
a) anatomical relics
b) homologous structures
c) analogous structures
d) pleitropic structures
e) vestigial structures
10. What is the definition of Analogous Structures?
Analogous structures are body part in different species that is similar in function but not in structure that evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.
11. What is the definition of biological evolution?
A. change in the frequency of an inherited character
B. change in the frequency of an adapted character
C. change in the frequency of a carried down character
12. How do we measure variation in a population?
A. the number of alleles present
B. the number of phenotypes
C. the number of individuals
13. What are three factors that reduce genetic variation?
A. founder's effects
B. bottleneck effects
C. genetic drift
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
14. Define migration.
A. the movement of individuals from one population to another with mating
B. the seasonal movements of populations from one geographic area to another
C. the movement of individuals from one population to another without mating
15. Adaptation is:
a characteristic that is or has been under the influence of natural selection
16. Which type of selection can lead to variation?
A. directional
B. disruptive
C. normal
17. Most of Darwin's observations about changes in species over time and in different environments took place in and near
A. North America.
B. Africa.
C. South America.
D. Asia.
E. Australia
18. Darwin's observation that there were Patagonian hares but no rabbits in South America was most closely related to his consideration of
A. comparative anatomy.
B. biogeography.
C. the fossil record.
D. comparative embryology.
E. comparative biochemistry.
19. Incorrect Incorrect Lamarck's theory of evolution included the idea that
A. there is a natural force in all living things that pushes them toward perfection.
B. local catastrophes cause mass extinctions of species.
C. species are only produced through special creation.
D. species are fixed and unchanging over time
20. Darwin's theory of natural selection to explain evolution is also known as
A. descent with modification.
B. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
C. uniformitarianism.
D. catastrophism.
21. Evolution can be described as the change of species over time.
True
False
22. Organisms that make their own food with sunlight or chemical energy are called
A. producers
B. consumers
C. decomposers
D. scavengers
23. Two main sources of genetic variation are
A. immigration and allele frequencies
B. genetic shuffling and immigration
C. mutations and immigration
D. mutations and genetic shuffling
24. Which scientific theory did Charles Darwin shape?
A. circumnavigation
B. cell theory
C. theory of evolution
D. climate change theory
25. If the sequence of nucleotides on the original strand was A-G-G-C-T-A, what would be the nucleotide sequence on the complementary strand of DNA?
A. G-C-C-G-A-T
B. T-C-C-G-A-T
C. U-A-A-T-T-U
D. U-C-G-C-T-U
26. What kind of hypothesis did Darwin propose?
A. Numerous information
B. Revolutionary
C. Changes over time
D. huge body evidences
27. Name three other scientists who built parts of the theory beside Darwin?
A. Charles Lyell, Alfred wallace, and Gregor Mendel.
B. Alfred wallace, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and James Hutton.
C. Alfred Wallace, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and James Newton.
D. Thomas Malthus, Melvin Calvin, and Charles Lyell.
28. Any inherited characteristics that increases an Organisms chance of survival.
A. Survival of the fittest
B. Fittest
C. Adaptation
D. None of the above
29.
Which of the following is a component of Darwin's original theory of evolution? (level [Hint]
A. The only traits that are inherited are those that can be acquired during one's lifetime.
B. Organisms whose traits fit their environments will be the best reproducers.
C. Organisms with more similar DNA are more closely related.
D. The only traits that are inherited are those encoded by genes.
30. Of the following structures, which is homologous to that of the wing of a bat? (level 2). [Hint]
A. the dorsal (top) fin of a shark
B. the wing of a butterfly
C. the hind leg of a kangaroo
D. the forearm of a lizard