TEKS: B.9, B.10, B.11
Molecules are everywhere. They help us in metabolic processes and energy conversion. Some processes are photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and use of enzymes.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Photosynthesis is a process used by plants to convert light energy from the sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. The reactants of photosynthesis are water, carbon dioxide and sunlight energy. The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen. The chemical equation is 6H2O+ 6CO2 + Energy -> C6H12O6+ 6O2.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: Cellular Respiration is Cellular the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. It basically makes energy or burns energy for the cell to use. It's reactants are glucose, and sugar. The products of this process are water, oxygen, and ATP/ energy.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration go hand in hand. The reactants of Photosynthesis are the products of Cellular Respiration. And the products of Photosynthesis are the reactants of Cellular Respiration.
Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the cell. Enzymes are all around your body helping you to make processes faster. They help in digestion and in many other ways. Enzymes are very specific when it comes doing a job. Certain enzymes work in certain temperatures(optimum temperatures), pH, and pressure. Enzymes work like lock and key. They attach to specific substrates making this processes very unique.
Here's a list of some important digestive enzymes:
- Sucrase – Converts sucrose to disaccharides and monosaccharides
- Maltase – Converts maltose to glucose
- Lactase – Converts lactose to glucose and galactose
- Pepsin- The main gastric enzyme. It breaks proteins into smaller peptide fragments
- Amylase – Converts starch to soluble sugars
- Trypsin – Converts proteins to basic amino acids
Biological systems are composed of multiple levels.
REGULATION: Is the adaption of form or behavior of an organism to changed conditions. It's an organism's behavior or type of adaptation that is influenced by a change in it's normal conditions. It also refers to the way in which the human body handles internal and external changes so that it remains in homeostasis.
NUTRIENT ABSORPTION: Digested molecules of food, water and minerals are absorbed from the cavity of the upper small intestine. The absorbed materials cross the mucosa into the blood and are carried off into the bloodstream to other parts of the body for storage or further chemical change.
REPRODUCTION: Reproduction is the process by which new offspring/ individual organisms are produced from their parents. It's a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction.
DEFENSE FROM INJURY OR ILLNESS IN ANIMALS:
Physical barriers and the immune system defend the body against organisms that can cause infection.
Physical barriers include:
REGULATION: Is the adaption of form or behavior of an organism to changed conditions. It's an organism's behavior or type of adaptation that is influenced by a change in it's normal conditions. It also refers to the way in which the human body handles internal and external changes so that it remains in homeostasis.
NUTRIENT ABSORPTION: Digested molecules of food, water and minerals are absorbed from the cavity of the upper small intestine. The absorbed materials cross the mucosa into the blood and are carried off into the bloodstream to other parts of the body for storage or further chemical change.
REPRODUCTION: Reproduction is the process by which new offspring/ individual organisms are produced from their parents. It's a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction.
DEFENSE FROM INJURY OR ILLNESS IN ANIMALS:
Physical barriers and the immune system defend the body against organisms that can cause infection.
Physical barriers include:
- the skin
- mucous membranes
- tears
- earwax
- mucus
- stomach acid
TRANSPORT: The circulatorry system helps with mineral transport gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones out of, into, or within the body.
REPRODUCTION: The reproductive system/ genital system is a system of sex organs in an organism where they work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. RESPONSE IN PLANTS: Tropisms are directional movement responses that occur in response to the environment of the plant.
REPRODUCTION: The reproductive system/ genital system is a system of sex organs in an organism where they work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. RESPONSE IN PLANTS: Tropisms are directional movement responses that occur in response to the environment of the plant.
- Phototropism is the growth response of a plant in response to light direction. Different parts of a plant exhibit different reactions to light. Stems exhibit positive phototropism while most roots exhibit negative phototropism.
- Geotropism is the growth response of a plant in response to gravity. Roots exhibit positive geotropism while stems and leaves exhibit negative geotropism.
- Thigmotropism is the growth response of a plant to physical contact (touch). Plants that cling to physical structures such as walls exhibit positive thigmotropism.
- Hydrotropism is the growth response of a plant to water. Roots exhibit positive hydrotropism
- Chemotropism is the growth response of a plant to a particular chemical. Roots grow toward useful minerals in the soil but away from acids. (http://leavingbio.net/plant%20responses.htm)
STRUCTURAL LEVELS(from smallest to largest):
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
HOMEOSTASIS: Homeostasis is equilibrium or stability within the body. This is done by the help of response or internal feedback. There are two types of feedback; positive and negative.
Positive Feedback: Positive feedbacks encourage physiological processes and amplify the action of a system. It continue to amplify your body's response to a stimulus until a negative feedback response takes over.
Negative Feedback: Negative feedbacks are processes that happen when your systems need to slow down or completely stop a process that is happening.
(http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_regulation.html)
A real life situation/ example of homeostasis and feedback is mom making pancakes. First you will feel hungry, and you tell your mom to make pancakes. You eat those and you ask your mom for more, because you're not full. Your mom starts making and making pancakes. Once you get full you tell your mom to stop making more, because you had enough already. The part where you need more and more is produced is positive feedback. The part where you say that's it and production is stopped is negative feedback.
Positive Feedback: Positive feedbacks encourage physiological processes and amplify the action of a system. It continue to amplify your body's response to a stimulus until a negative feedback response takes over.
Negative Feedback: Negative feedbacks are processes that happen when your systems need to slow down or completely stop a process that is happening.
(http://www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_regulation.html)
A real life situation/ example of homeostasis and feedback is mom making pancakes. First you will feel hungry, and you tell your mom to make pancakes. You eat those and you ask your mom for more, because you're not full. Your mom starts making and making pancakes. Once you get full you tell your mom to stop making more, because you had enough already. The part where you need more and more is produced is positive feedback. The part where you say that's it and production is stopped is negative feedback.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
1. What is hydrotropism?
The growth response of a plant to water.
2. Which enzyme helps to convert maltose to glucose
Maltase
3. TRUE or FALSE: Carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis.
FALSE
4. When you ask your mom to make/ produce more pancakes what is it called?
A. Positive Feedback
B. Negative Feedback
5. What is the least form in the structural levels?
A. Organism
B. Cells
C. Organ
D. Organ System
6. Homeostatic mechanisms
A) keep variables exactly at the set point.
B) help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body.
C) act to keep values out of the normal range.
D) usually operate by positive feedback.
E) produce most disease conditions.
7. Mucus is a ________ barrier when it comes to immune responses.
physical
8. What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the cell.
9. What kind of sugar is used in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Glucose
10. Enzymes work in _______ temperatures.
optimum
1. What is hydrotropism?
The growth response of a plant to water.
2. Which enzyme helps to convert maltose to glucose
Maltase
3. TRUE or FALSE: Carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis.
FALSE
4. When you ask your mom to make/ produce more pancakes what is it called?
A. Positive Feedback
B. Negative Feedback
5. What is the least form in the structural levels?
A. Organism
B. Cells
C. Organ
D. Organ System
6. Homeostatic mechanisms
A) keep variables exactly at the set point.
B) help to keep a relatively constant internal environment in the body.
C) act to keep values out of the normal range.
D) usually operate by positive feedback.
E) produce most disease conditions.
7. Mucus is a ________ barrier when it comes to immune responses.
physical
8. What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the cell.
9. What kind of sugar is used in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Glucose
10. Enzymes work in _______ temperatures.
optimum